• psycological, social) our real self - interest is defined by reference to these 
• 1b,) the brutes activities
• eg.)capitalist in mindless pursuit of profit 
• 2a.) all ethical questions get reduced to a single question: the beneficiary 
• criterion - who benefits from a possible action. If it is others than the action is good, if it is me than the action is bad 
• such a view disregards the true value of the individuals life 
• symbiosis between the misdefenition of selfishness which is due to and reinforces the ethics of altruism 
• questions for rand - 1. what differenciates the industialists pursuit of self-interest vs the robbers pursuit of self-interest : robbers don't pursue self-interest because he can go to jail 
• 1a.) the robbers pursuit is illegitimate ( by reference0 to his objective needs) 
• 2.) what about when legitimate self interests collide? People who live in america giving to starving children in Africa 
• 3.) does rand commit an analogous error of the type she accuses the altruist of commiting 
• does she misdefine "altuism" 
• utilitarianism
• benthom 
• j.g. mill 
• your interes count but more than any other 
• benthom: our rational faculty is what allows for the possibility, of 
• a.) others are similarly hedonistically motivated 
• b.) there is no objective justification wherby my interests can be considered above the interests of others 
• morality quantitatively 
• hedonistic calculus 
• 7 categories of analysis 
• 1.) intensity 
• 2.) certanty 
• 3.) duration 
• 4.) depinquity ( how soon?) 
• fecundity: HOw many more pleasure can be gained? 
• purity: free form pain 
• extent: to how many people does the likely result extend 
• principle utility: the correct course of action is that which maximizes banefit ( pleasure, avoidance of pain) for the greatese number ( even in it brings mostly misery to me ) 
• jg mill 
• quantitative + intrinsic quality 
• how much pleasure is produced 
• some pleasures are intrinsicaly qualitatively better 
• he higher pleasures 
• those pursuits which tax our intellects, our emotions, our imaginations 
• how is quality to be established? 
• ask people who have exoerienced both and are competantly acquainted with both 
• mill is confident those competantly acquainted with both will assert preference for the " higher pleasures" 
• what justifies his confidence for those competantly acquainted wil chose the "higher pleasures" 
• questions for milll ... for utilitarianism ( generally) 
• elitism? abandonds hedonism? 
• mill wants everyone to be elites 
• consequentialism 
• the likely results of an action determines its value 
• rule/act utilitarianism 
• act utilitarianism: individual acts are judged according to their rightness and wrongness 
• rule utilitarianism : general rules of society of behavior are judged according to the principle of utility, and then individual acts are judged according to these rules 
• acts, geberak rukes if sicuety , utility 
• world health organization 
• peter singer 
• 700+ million who dont get enough adequate nutrition to sustain their health 
• 10 million die from starvation 
• 20 million low birth weight babies are born anually ( protein energy defficency) 
• 5 million who die are children under the age of 5 
• 90% is due to poverty relative vs absolut poverty 
• absolute poverty _ live on less than $1 per day ( 1.25 billion people)