me - egoism
1.) egoism
2.) benevolant
3.) egoism
* 4.) benecolent
Benevolence others
benevolence
egoism
egoism - state of nature
benevolent
morality + moral rules = the agreements/ rules derived
allowing egoist beings to live socially: The agreements egoistic beings enter into for their mutual self interest into for their mutual self - interest
questions for hobbes social contract
do I have obligations to distant others
Do I have any obligations to non human animals
Animals fall outside the social contract
hobbes: the moral status ( or lack there of )  of non - human animals self - concious I think therfore I am
organic machines
Instrumental
rationality
HUmans  : dualism: mind (soul) /body
Descrates: physical mental/ spiritual
3rd person objectivity variable  : Ist person subjective
describable by physics and mechanics : not describable in idioms of physics
Instrumental - the interest of animals can be sacrifice to almost any interest of humans: medical therapies, drugs, cosmetics testing, safe household cleaners, cheap abundant eggs, resonably priced meds, high profits
abolistionists - opposes meat eating and medical research on animals
reformists- acceps meat eating and some reasearch but sees significant need for reform, oversight and regulation
status quo - 7 billion animals are killed
95% in food production
5% in reasearch, hunters, ferriers etc. every day
150 k cattle are kiulled
350 k pigs 9 k veal
millions of chickens
from factory farming or intensive agriculture
singer : we need to extend our principles to include non human animals failing to do so is specisism - elevating the (perhaps trivial) interests of one's own species over the ( perhaps) more compelling) interests of other species
analogous : racism/sexism
singer - such a view fails to take into account 2 points
(1) - "equality" in this context does not imply literal equal treatment ... what it implies is equal consideration of interests ... and what that implies ( in terms of treatment) will depend on the being in question
(2) what is it that we mean by the ward "equality" e.g. - when we say, For example -- " all men are equal"
consider the racist, sexist
Think about how we would oppose agains - the racist, sexist
They make false generalizations but singer argues those of us " who wish to defend egalitarianism would be demisis in resting the entire case for equality on that pain
Imagine a more "sophisticated ingelaraianism" ... For example one predicated on IQ. Imagine a society leracaly arranged on the basis of I.Q. such that those with a score above 100 their interest will  be sacraficed at every turn : would such a society be just or moral
we are not asserting that all men are equal as ammater of fact
equality is not a statement of fact rather it is a moral ideal : rather than a description of how to trat our fellow humans : an equal consideration of interests
The characteristic impacting moral significance sentence ; The ability to expierence happiness and/ or suffering : a necessary condition for having interest specifically not suffering
cultural relativism: there are no objective or universal values; rather values are the products of a culture and will vary in the ways lectures vary
1-  A culture values reflect its socio-economic, historic and geographic circumstances
2 -  any attempt at cross - cultural valuation is likely to be facile and varroneous
good/bad = normal/abnormal are culturally defined values
contra #1 : The descriptive conclusion ( kluckholn) - no society accepts lying, cheating or violence as an end in itself directed at members within the group
1- a value as absent when it is simply honored in a way with which were not familiar
2. a value may be seen as absent when its subordinate to other values
3. A value may be seen as absent ... when its just not seen as applicable
perspective 2.) no moral values can be universally roccomended to acc
thesis
we should not make cross - cultural statements of value
midgely: trying out ones' new sword"
perspective cultural reletevism - implies a "barrier"
precluding understanding between cultures...
she thinks its nonsense
If applied logically and consistancy
you would be led to moral isolationism
An inability to render any moral judgments
1. Is the barrier ( implied by perspective nirak rekutuvusn) reciplicle?
yes! why? - we can't make judgements about each other because were not part of each others culture
midgely: should outsiders be prevented from judging us? NO! They have an outside perspective about us so they can render judgments 2. would praise as well as blame be blocked also? Yes: positive value judgements are value judgements
much learning would be prevented
midgely: contra perspective cultural relativism
-1- is the barrier reciprocal ?
2- is praise also blocked
- learning ? would it be blocked?
3- what is involved in judging
cultural relativism: assumes all our corss-cultural relativism opinions are crude