• egoism, altuism and utilitarianism 
• thomas hobbes: egoism - for every voulentary action undertaken, the object is self interest 
• If so is altuism possible 
• Altuism: at least sometimes morality requires that I sacrifice my interests to the interest of others 
• self-interest = hedonism 
• hedonism - pursuit of pleasure and avoidiance of pain 
• Hobbes - I can sacrifice my interest for the interest of others but only if it is in my interest to do so - apprent altuism 
• psychological egois - human behavior is motivated by self interest 
• real altuism : ethical egoism : human behavior should be motivated by self interest 
• rand : " ought implies can" 
• epicurus : hedonism: humans shuld pursue pleasure 
• katasmatic pursuit of pleasure : contentment 
• kinetic pursuit of pleasure : in motion... acquisite... often fleeting 
• natural necessary pleasures 
• met relatively easily 
• ( not much attended pain) food (modest diet ... bread, water, etc.), shelter, sleep 
• vain pleasures - unnecessary intense pleasures, significant pain): ferrari, cell phones, travel, mansions, fancy resturants 
• natural unnecessary pleasure : sex 
• macchiavelian - make promises and don't do them
• Ayn Rand : ethical egoism - should act in your self interest and don't sacrafice it to metaphysical/ epistimological points 
• the individuals existance is presupposed in all value judgements and underlies all claims to know
• the individuals life is the ultimate value 
• rands def of selfishness: A thourgone concern with one's self- interest 
• Altuists def: A concern with ones own interest and an active disregard for the interest  of others 
• It allows us to see acts that are not truly selfish as if they were 
• It forces us into altustic framework for all ethical questions 
• acting without rational forethought 
• drug addiction isnt selfish because real human needs are objective ( biological, psychological, social) our self- interest is defined by reference to these 
• the brutes activities 
• eg capatalist in mindless pursuit of profit 
• all theical questions get reduced to a single question: the beneficiary  critereon - who benefits from a bossible action - If it is others than the action is good, if it us ne than the action is bad